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After at least six months of handwringing, Yemen’s President ‘Ali ‘Abdullah Salih has finally signed the Gulf Cooperation Council’s (GCC) deal to step down as president of Yemen. It would require Salih to step down when a new president is elected after 90 days from the date of signing. There is hope for the future, yet there is much to fix and many challenges ahead in Yemen. The next government will have a difficult time putting the country back together as Salih’s dithering has led to a loss of control at the fringes of Yemeni society in the south, but even more so in its volatile north. The Huthis, a revivalist Zaydi movement, whose main base of operation is in Sa‘da, is wrestling control of Yemen’s northern governorates from the Yemeni state, its tribal allies, and Islamist factions.

Within a few hours of Salih signing the GCC deal, the leader of the Huthis, ‘Abd al-Malik Badr ad-Din al-Huthi, released a communiqué denouncing the deal. ‘Abd al-Malik emphatically stated: “We consider any agreement with the oppressor is a betrayal of the blood of the martyrs and the wounded, and a disregard for the sacrifices of the Yemeni people and a painful stab against the free rebels who have endured all kinds of suffering and imprisonment, torture and murder of more than ten months.” ‘Abd al-Malik proclaimed that the revolution would continue until the demands and goals of the revolutionaries are met.

Prior to the Yemeni uprising that began following the fall of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in late January 2011, between 2004 and 2010, the Yemeni state fought the Huthis in six rounds of battles; the last with the help of the Saudis. Besides their pent up antipathy toward Salih’s regime, one reason that the Huthis may be against the resolution is because they have made a lot of progress over the past few months in taking over three governorates in northern Yemen. The past few months have seen renewed fighting in northern Yemen this time between the Huthis and Islah, one of the main opposition parties in Yemen that is a coalition of Ikhwanis (the Muslims Brothers), Salafis, and tribal elements from the Hashid tribal federation.

At the outset of the Yemeni uprising, ‘Abd al-Malik announced his support for the pro-democratic protests and for regime change. Large crowds of Huthi supporters joined in protests in Sa‘da where the Huthis main base of operations lies. At the same time, the Huthis saw an opportunity to wrestle control of Sa‘da back from the state as Salih’s regime became isolated in Sana‘a. On March 26, the Huthis took Sa‘da and installed new military checkpoints as well as established their own administration in Sa‘da Governorate, independent from Yemeni authorities; appointing former arms dealer Fares Mana‘a as the new governor.

The Huthis also began an offensive in al-Jawf Governorate, which is southeast of Sa‘da. Fighting picked up in July against fighters from Islah where hundreds are believed to have died on both sides. There are reports that the Huthis are in control of al-Jawf now, too, and have now turned its attention to Hajjah Governorate, which is south of Sa‘da. On November 9, the Huthis beat back the pro-government Kashir and Aahm tribes and were able to take control of Kuhlan Ash Sharaf District, which is vital since there is a highway there that connects Sana‘a to the Red Sea. Pro-government sources in Hajjah believe the Huthis are taking these strategic positions to prepare an attack on Sana‘a. If Hajjah falls to the Huthis they will be in control of three governorates in northern Yemen.

Another issue at hand is increasing tensions with the Salafis at the Dammaj Institute in Sa‘da, which could exacerbate already thick sectarian tensions. A month ago, the Huthis laid siege to the Dammaj Institute complex after a letter from Imam Yahya al-Hajuri, the principal of Dammaj Institute, was leaked to the Huthis. In the letter, al-Hajuri thanked Brigadier General Yahya Mohamed ‘Abdullah Salih, the president’s nephew and chief commander of Yemen’s security forces, as well as the Saudis for fighting the Huthis in previous rounds of battle. The Huthis are also claiming that Salafis are bringing weapons inside their educational institutions. Making matters worse, al-Hajuri has sanctioned a jihad against the Huthis.

Attempts at reconciliation have been futile, as both sides have broken multiple potential ceasefires over the past few weeks with continued low-level fighting. Tensions have also been heighted because according to ‘Abd al-Malik, two weeks ago, the Huthis foiled a suicide attack in al-Jawf on Eid al-Ghadir, which is celebrated by Shi‘a to commemorate the Muslim prophet Muhammad’s speech appointing ‘Ali ibn ‘Abi Talib as his successor, which is a contentious issue between Sunnis and Sh‘ia. Although ‘Abd al-Malik blamed the failed attack on the United States as a way to ratchet up sectarian strife as he did in August when there was a successful car-bombing, this case like the one in August was most likely perpetrated by elements in or affiliated with al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP). Earlier in the year, AQAP declared jihad against the Huthis, whom they view as agents of the Iranians or as they call them rawafid (a derogatory term for Shi‘a meaning rejectionists). AQAP also claimed responsibility for a car bomb attack that killed ‘Abd al-Malik’s father, Badr ad-Din al-Huthi, who was seen as the most influential Zaydi scholar of the past generation, and later his funeral procession both in late November 2010. Additionally, there are reports on global jihadi forums that AQAP has set up training camps in Sa‘da with 200-300 fighters.

There is no end in sight for the potential of even more expanded fighting in Yemen’s north between the Huthis and Salafi elements as well as AQAP. The destabilization of Yemen’s north has been a worry of the Saudi regime, which is one of the main reasons they entered the sixth battle between the Yemeni state and the Huthis in late 2009 and early 2010. As Gregory Johnsen has noted on numerous occasions, Saudis main policy with regard to Yemen is to keep it stabilized enough so it that does not become a failed state, at the same time, not strong enough so that it does not challenge the Saudi state.

If the Saudi’s decide to join the fight again to try and suppress the Huthis it has regional implications as well. Although the Huthis follow the Zaydi school of Shi’ism while the Iranians practice Imami (or Twelver) Shi’ism there is a level of affinity. Unlike Hizbullah, HAMAS, and Palestinian Islamic Jihad the Huthis are not an official proxy of the Iranian state. That said, due to the sectarian overtones of the fight between the Saudis and the Huthis, Iranian media endorsed the side of the Huthis. The Iranian government also decided to name some of their streets after Huthi “martyrs” from the fighting. As such, the conflict in northern Yemen could quickly become another chess match between the Saudis and Iranians in their cold war.

Even if the conflict in northern Yemen does not become a strategic regional battle, the fragile state of the northern governorates is a worry to the fractured Yemeni state. Indeed, the new Yemeni government has much to deal with including a spiraling economy, depleted water and energy resources, continued humanitarian disasters, secessionism in the South, and disillusioned youth who jump started the uprising; yet a resolution to the decade-plus long grievances of the Huthi movement and the Zaydi population in the north at large would go a long way in hopefully providing space for the new Yemeni government to deal with even more dire issues.

This past Sunday, the Tunisian Islamist party Ennahda — fresh off its win in last month’s elections — came under fire following a rally in Sousse, Tunisia with Houda Naim, a member of Hamas. Besides Naim, Ennahda’s general secretary, Hammadi Jebali, who has been proposed as the new Prime Minister of Tunisia, made some controversial remarks about the return of the Caliphate. Jebali stated: “My brothers, you are at a historic moment…in a new cycle of civilization, God willing…we are in sixth caliphate, God willing.” This quickly raised alarm bells with Tunisia’s secular and liberal elements who had been warning prior to the elections about Ennahada’s purported double speak: saying one thing publicly while saying something more nefarious privately to its followers.

In response to Jebali’s pronouncement, Ettakatol, a party that won the fourth largest bloc of seats in the recent election and is in coalition talks with Ennahda, said the party was suspending its participation in talks on a governing coalition in the forthcoming Tunisian Constituent Assembly. Khemais Ksila, a member of the executive committee of Ettakatol, stated: “We do not accept this statement. We thought we were going to build a second republic with our partner, not a sixth caliphate.” While Lobna Jeribi, an Ettakatol Constituent Assembly member, proclaimed that Jebali’s statements raised major concerns that needed to be clarified before any coalition talks resumed.

This is not the first controversy that Ennahda has been embroiled in since they won a little more than 40 percent of seats to draft the constitution in the new Constituent Assembly. A little more than a week ago, Souad Abderrahim, a prominent female member of Ennahda, talking to Radio Monte Carlo Doualiya stated that single mothers are a disgrace to Tunisia, “do not have the right to exist,” there are limits on “full and absolute freedom,” and that one should not “make excuses for people who have sinned.” In both cases, Ennahda had to walk back the statements of both Jebali and Abderrahim, downplaying their significance.

Are these two recent examples a sign of double speak finally seeing the light of day in the aftermath of its election victory — or is it a sign of Ennahda’s political immaturity and lack of experience? The latter is more likely. Prior to and following the election there have been no signs of some type of hostile Islamist takeover by Ennahda that would then try and institute a radical interpretation of the shari‘ah.

A few days before the election, the president of Ennahda, Rached Ghannouchi, emphasized the importance of reconciliation even if Ennahda did not win a plurality, stating: “We will congratulate the winner and will collaborate with them just as other parties should do the same if we end up winning; Tunisia is in need of everyone. The keyword is reconciliation, our foremost concern is reconciliation in composing the upcoming government without regard to ideological differences.” Ghannouchi later stressed after the election that Ennahda did not plan to instrumentalize the new constitution as a blunt tool to force a certain interpretation of Islam at Tunisian citizens, arguing, “Egypt says shari‘ah is the main source of its law, but that didn’t prevent (deposed President Hosni) Mubarak from being a dictator.” Ghannouchi in the past has also pointed to Turkey as an example where one can balance both democratic and religious values without compromising either.

Further, Ennahda has been in talks over the past several weeks with two secular parties, Congress for the Republic and Ettakatol, to form a coalition government for the new Constituent Assembly. As one can see from the above comments by Ettakatol, the two secular parties will no doubt play a productive role and provide a check on any potential Ennahda overreach.

One should be cognizant, though, that the transition will not be perfect. Moreover, with every potential accommodation Ennahda makes now that they are in power, it could erode potential grassroots support. More radical youth elements may believe that after years of suffering under the yoke of former Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali it is time to finally implement the oft-quoted phrase “al-Islam huwa al-Hal”; or “Islam is the Solution.” By not living up to these words one could foresee a scenario where some support is shifted to the less mainstream Salafi movement, fomenting a potential culture war in Tunisia in the medium future.

Ennahda’s pledge to respect women’s rights and not regulate social issues, such as wearing a bikini at the beach or the sale of alcohol, could become contentious issues in future elections that could pull Ennahda further to the right. Even if they do not, as more time passes since the fall of the Ben Ali regime and there are more freedoms and openness in Tunisian society, the contestation of the role of religion, its meaning, and interpretation will become a heated debate. In the near-term, though, with Ghannouchi stewarding Ennahda through the transition, such potential drift or confrontation is less likely.

Ennahda’s transition from banned opposition party to a leading voice of reform for civic Islamism is still playing out. There will be ups and downs over the next year, but its political discipline and maturity will rise over time. If there is one political party in the Middle East and North Africa that can navigate the tough challenge ahead on debating the contentious issue of the role of religion in society, Tunisia’s Ennahda party is best situated for the task. Although talk of the Caliphate is a head-turning event for many in Tunisia and in the West, since last January, Ennahda’s actual actions to date should be speaking louder than some of their ill-conceived words.

After writing my post on Libya, AQIM, and the spotting of a flag that appeared to be al-Qa’ida in Iraq’s (AQI) hanging over a court building in Benghazi there has been much written over the past few days regarding this flag as well as one waved at a rally also held in Libya that showed the Islamic State of Iraq’s (AQI’s successor group) flag.[1] Earlier this morning, it sparked an interesting debate between Ed Husain and Will McCants on Twitter. The flags in question were the following two:

al-Qa’ida in Iraq’s flag. This was the one that appeared on top of the court house in Benghazi.

Islamic State of Iraq’s flag.

Husain contended that one should not describe this flag as an “al-Qa’ida flag,” stating: “By calling it AQ flag we give them what is not theirs. The Prophet used those colours in his raids against pagans.” On the other hand, McCantsargued that Muhammad may have used similar colors (i.e. black and white), but no other Islamic movement uses the exact same styled flag as the Islamic State of Iraq. Husain mentioned Hizb ut-Tahrir (HuT) as a counter example, yet that does not hold up to scrutiny, see:

Hizb ut-Tahrir’s flag

Indeed, in the case of the AQI and HuT flags they both use black as the background and contain theshahada (Islamic testament of faith: ‘There is no God, but God; and Muhammad is the Messenger of God’). While the Islamic State of Iraq’s only has the first half of the shahada at the top while on the bottom is the seal that Muhammad used in official documents. They all differ a bit though since they have different styled typeface. Further, if one were to contend as Husain did that “we” are giving al-Qa’ida something that is not theirs then we should look back and see what flags the Muslim prophet Muhammad actually used as well as the Rashidun Caliphate, Ummayad Caliphate, and the Abbasid Caliphate.

Muhammad used two flags depending on the type of raid or battle he was in. One was a solid white flag while the main flag he used was a solid black flag called rāyat al ‘uqāb (flag of the eagle). Neither flag had markings or symbols. The black flag derived from Muhammad’s tribe Quraysh’s flag, which was called the same thing, but actually did have an eagle on it. Muhammad’s two flags would have looked as follows:

Muhammad’s black flag

Muhammad’s white flag

Following the death of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate continued to use Muhammad’s black flag as seen above. The Ummayad’s used the white flag in both Damascus and al-Andalus. Whereas the Abbasids used the black flag once more. As such, if one looks at early Islamic history there is no connection to the flag that al-Qai’da in Iraq and the Islamic State of Iraq adopted. Of course the Islamic State of Iraq uses the shahada on its flag to try and show Islamic legitimacy. The Islamic State of Iraq also incorporated the seal that Muhammad used in official correspondance:

Muhammad’s seal

That said, it does not necessarily mean one cannot state that the Islamic State of Iraq’s flag is not the al-Qa’ida flag since no one has ever used that specific design, typeface, and set up in the history of Islam.

[1] According to Leah Farrall, the Islamic State of Iraq’s flag was first designed and flown by the original al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula, which was located in Saudi Arabia in the early 2000s. It was popularized, though, by the Islamic State of Iraq.

One of the biggest questions and worries the past year in Western counterterrorism circles has been about how the MENA uprisings would affect al-Qa’ida. Many pointed to the uprisings as evidence that the citizens of the MENA were not only shedding off the yoke of tyranny, but also discrediting al-Qa’ida. On the other side of the debate were those that believed that it would provide the impetus for jihadis to take over. Throughout the past ten months I have maintained that one would see something more in between these two visions and that one should focus on the internal dynamics of each country. The three countries that have worried me the most are Yemen, Syria, and Libya. Gregory Johnsen has done a great job keeping everyone updated on al-Qa’ida in the Arabian Peninsula’s evolution and advances in Yemen. Additionally, I have a forthcoming post at al-Wasat about the potential for jihadi penetration in the Syrian theater if the country does indeed devolve into a civil war. This post will therefore only focus on Libya and al-Qa’ida in the Islamic Maghrib’s (AQIM) outreach to Libyans since the beginning of the Libyan uprising in February.

Co-editor of al-Wasat and specialist on AQIM and North Africa, Andrew Lebovich, has written some excellent pieces related to AQIM, the Libya conflict, and the seizing of weapons, which you can read here (4/4/11), here (6/19/11),here (9/8/11), and here (9/27/11). Lebovich’s two main arguments stated:

It is far more likely that AQIM would hold onto the weapons to defend against raids from helicopter-borne special forces troops, from France or elsewhere, which have been known to operate in Niger and Northern Mali and have staged at least two operations against AQIM forces, in July 2010 and in January 2011 … AQIM is using the chaos not to fight against the Qaddafi regime, but to build up their supplies and further reinforce their safe havens far from the Libyan jihad. (4/4/11)

The place where these weapons really could make a difference is northern Algeria, where AQIM has conducted a persistent IED campaign for years against Algeria’s army, police and gendarmerie. (6/19/11)

Indeed, I believe Lebovich’s argument has many merits, yet it is only one aspect of the broader picture. It is also worth noting AQIM’s media strategy since the beginning of the Libyan conflict. It is also necessary to re-visit and reassess how the Iraq jihad played a role in the Libyan jihadi community. Although AQIM is known for its history in Algeria and its attempts in recent years to infiltrate and gain influence in Mauritania, Mali, and Niger since the beginning of the MENA uprisings AQIM has zeroed in on Libya as if they smell blood in the water. Prior to the MENA uprisings AQIM (to my knowledge) never released anything dealing with Libya specifically. Since the beginning of the MENA uprisings, AQIM has released seven statements and/or videos related to the uprisings. Four of which dealt with Libya, two on Tunisia, and one related to Algeria (see chart below). It is crucial to point out that the releases on Tunisia and Algeria were all published in January. Therefore, all of AQIM’s focus on the MENA uprisings since late February — when they released their first statement on the then impending Libyan civil war — has solely dealt with Libya. This shows a genuine interest by AQIM in the Libyan theater and potentially, though not definitely, a calculation that they could make inroads.

At first, I had trouble accepting that AQIM could possibly make any inroads in Libya. One of the main reasons has to do with the Algerians’ checkered past with the Libyans during the 1990s in the age of the local jihad. It is beyond the scope of this post to get into detail about it, but I would suggest reading Camille Tawil’s excellent book Brothers In Arms: The Story of al-Qa’ida and the Arab Jihadists, which provides rich detail of the issues between the GIA (Groupe Islamique Armé) and the LIFG (Libyan Islamic Fighting Group) during the Algerian civil war. To put it mildly the Libyans had a bitter taste in their mouth toward the Algerians. Another reason that led me to initial skepticism was that the LIFG underwent revisions in the latter half of the previous decade, which to a certain extent moderated the leadership and members who were jailed in the group.

It also does not also necessarily account for Libyan foreign fighters in the Iraq jihad, though. According the Sinjar Records, which should be taken as a random sample of foreign fighters at the height of the Iraq jihad, the average age of the fighters were 24‐25 years old and the median age was 22‐23 years old. This would suggest that the Libyan fighters that survived the fight and did not become a suicide bomber or die in battle and returned to Libya were too young in the 1990s to get caught up in the arrests and sweeps against the LIFG. It would also suggest that the LIFG did not necessarily have sway ideologically on this new generation of Libyan jihadis. Moreover, the revisions were done with explicit coordination with the Qadhafi regime, which in the current environment calls into question those that engaged with that regime. It will also test al-Qa’ida’s current amir Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri’s theory that the revisions by the LIFG as well as others in Egypt and elsewhere were insincere based on pressures from various regimes. Either way, it could be argued that two ideological trends were taking hold simultaneously within the Libyan jihadi community. The first generation of Libyan jihadis were “moderating” their doctrine while the second generation was exposed to the virulent ideology of al-Qa’ida in Iraq. This twin phenomenon would have been masked by Qadhafi’s suppressive policies, which have only been exposed since his fall.

It should be noted that this does not necessarily provide wholesale proof that there is going to be some type of jihadi takeover of the Libyan government. That said, there are new data points that should be analyzed in light of the previous paragraph. It was pointed out to me Sunday on Twitter by al-Jazeera journalist Gregg Carlstrom that the admin of the official Facebook page of the Libyan uprising (17 February Intifada) posted AQIM’s most recent video message from Shaykh al-Hasan Rashid al-Bulaydi. This is no doubt a worrying sign.

       Additionally, this past Friday a picture in Benghazi that showed the old al-Qa’ida in Iraq flag hanging over a court building raised some alarms in the media. My initial reaction was that it most likely was a souvenir from the Iraq jihad and that it may not seem as much of a provocation as many would think since it has the shahdah (Muslim testament of faith) on it, which could signal the renewal of Islam in society. On Sunday the jihadi forums posted two videos of a caravan of cars and then marchers carrying similar flags as well as others linked to AQ. This made me rethink my initial reaction to the flag controversy, which led me to what I believe is a more nuanced take in the paragraph above that outlines how Libyan foreign fighters were exposed to AQI’s ideology. Although the LIFG’s trajectory following the Libyan uprising appears to conform to their moderation during their revision process since they have changed their group name to the Libyan Islamic Movement for Change, the second generation of jihadis now that Qadhafi is dead are slowly flexing their muscle in a society rife with violence, revenge, and potential tribal war. There are still many blind spots and it is too early to conclude anything definitive, but further influence of AQIM should be watched closely.

Ten months after an infuriated fruit vendor in Tunisia set himself aflame and provoked an uprising that tore President Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali from power, the country’s citizens will go to the polls on Sunday to vote for a 217-seat Constituent Assembly. Tunisia’s election will be the first real electoral test of the Arab uprisings. Several major forces are vying for power in the newly democratic country.

The largest party is the Muslim Brotherhood–linked Ennahda, which enjoys the greatest amount of support and whose poll numbers stand between 25 and 30 percent. Secularist and liberal parties, such as the Parti Démocrate Progressiste (PDP) and Ettakatol, have been recently polling between 10 and 15 percent. The PDP has rejected any possible coalition with Ennahda, but Ettakatol has expressed a willingness to work with it. There is also a small but vocal Salafi movement, which some Tunisians fear might act as a spoiler in the election alongside Ben Ali’s security apparatus. But until recently, all indications pointed to a successful election in which Ennahda would win a plurality of the votes and enter into a coalition to draft Tunisia’s new constitution.

Click here for the rest of the article.

According to the website Somali War Report, yesterday for the first time Ḥarakat al-Shabāb al-Mujāhidīn officially acknowledged al-Qā’idah’s presence in Somalia when al-Shabāb’s spokesman Shaykh ‘Alī Moḥamūd Raage (Shaykh ‘Alī Dheere; pictured below on the left) and an American al-Qā’idah official that goes by Shaykh Abū ’Abdallah al-Muhājir (pictured below on the right) gave aid to Somalis. The below picture along with a second one were posted to the jihādī forums last night. AQ and Shabāb have a history of not showing the faces of individuals they are about to roll out as important figures. For instance, AQ did it with Adam Ghadan (Gadahn)Abū Talḥah al-’Almānī (Bekkay Harrach), while Shabāb did it with Omar Hammami (Abū Manṣūr al-Amrīkī). So are we about to see the emergence of a new important American AQ figure? Time will tell. It’s quite possible though that AQ is rolling this American out since Anwar al-’Awlaqī is now dead. And since they aren’t showing his face, it is to draw in curiosity of who this person is, which they probably believe will draw the MSM in. I just hope this isn’t another al-’Awlaqī episode waiting to happen where everyone overreacts and makes this individual larger than he is at this juncture.

Shaykh ‘Alī Moḥamūd Raage:

Praise be to Allah, and peace and blessings be upon on our prophet Mohammed and all his family and companions.

We thank Allah (Glorified and Exalted be He), who made Muslims one brotherhood (as) Allah says “verily believers are but one brotherhood”, for that reason, Whilst our brothers are at arms all over the world, especially those of the umbrella organisation which connects all mujahideen;-Al-Qaeda, whilst at arms, they have sent to their brothers in who reside Somalia, standing with them at this time of drought, and they previously spoke of aiding muslims (in Somalia), especially the Ameer (leader) of the Al-Qaeda Jihad Organisation Ayman Al-dhawahiri may Allah preserve him, and sufficiently before him our brother may Allah accept his martyrdom sheikh Usama Bin Laden , and today they make good upon that which they preached since it is also the conclusion of their drought campaign.

We welcome them (to their) afflicted brethren in this camp, we also after thanking Allah we thank our international brothers, especially our honourable leaders for the aid relief they sent to their Muslim brethren.

In front of you today, brought to fellow needy Muslims, is that which your Mujahideen brothers handed over to Harakat –al-shabaab Al-mujahideen who will be responsible for its distribution, and it includes , 2000 Hijabs for the purpose of sufficiently covering up to use for the performance of prayers, also 10,000 pieces of clothing for children, also enough flour,rice and coocking oil for 4,000 families, also 4,000KG of dates , 4,000 of tins of milk 900g each, and since we are of the Islamic faith 1,500 copies of the Holy Quran is included, also 1,500 copies of “hisnul Muslim” (prophetic supplication books) , $12,000 changed to Somali shilling is also to be distributed since the (dayr) rainy season is upon us so to use in farms, you can also see (donated) an ambulance to admit ill people rapidly to the field hospital, also a lot medicine is included, so we thank Allah then we than our mujahideen brothers, especially the top mujahideen command in the Al-Qaeda Jihad Organisation, who seriously took its responsibility to aid their brethren, this (action) shows that they have made true what Allah said “harsh against the disbelievers and merciful among themselves… (Quran 48:29)” … so we say to you may Allah reward and bless your efforts, so i call upon Abu abdallah al-muhajir to read us his statement for the ceremony.

Abū ’Abdallah al-Muhājir:

Here is his audio: Abū ‘Abdallah al-Muhājir — Statement from al-Qā’idah in Somalia

“Asalamo ‘alaykom wa rahmatollahi wa barkaatoh [Peace be upon you (all) and the mercy and blessings of Allah]”

We praise Allah, seek His help, and ask for His forgiveness. We seek refuge in God from the evils of our souls and our bad deeds.

Whomever Allah guides none can misguide and whom Allah misguides none can guide. I bear witness that there is no deity (worthy of worship) but Allah alone, and I bear witness the Mohammed (pbuh) is his slave and messenger”

Allah says, after i seek refuge from Satan the outcast “and surely we shall test you with something of fear and hunger, some loss in goods or lives or the fruits (of your toil), but give glad tidings to those who are patient , “Those when afflicted with calamity say: “Truly To Allah We belong, and truly to Him is our return”:- “They are those on whom (Descend) blessings from Allah, and Mercy, and they are the ones that receive guidance.” Quran 2:155- 2:156- 2:157

“Al-hamdulilah (Praise be to Allah) we honoured and blessed to take this opportunity to send our heartfelt greetings to our brothers and sisters in Somalia and we also take this opportunity to tell you we love you all for the sake of Allah , and we sincerely relate to your suffering and affliction during these testing times.

Dear Muslims of Somalia, it is under these strenuous circumstances that we remember the role played by our beloved Sheikh Usama Bin Laden may Allah have mercy upon him. Sheikh Osama was deeply concerned about the plight of the Muslim Ummah (nation) all over the world, including the situation in Palestine, ’iraq , Kashmir and Afghanistan to name a few places.

Having actively participated in assisting various parts of the Ummah (nation) with everything for the past 30 years, the Sheikh (Osama)  also focused his attention specifically on the hardships and tests that have afflicted the Muslim Somali people for the past decade. He as leader of Al-Qaeda organisation played a major role in repelling invading force of the muslim land in Somalia, from the American invasion during the early nineties to the recent invasion of Ethiopia as well as the current invasion of AMISOM.

In addition to sacrificing his wealth and his life in the path of Allah though waging Jihad, the Sheikh greatly emphasised the importance of Muslims supporting each other, and he brought attention to the dilemmas affecting Muslims around the world. The most recent example of which is, the major flood that affected the millions Muslims in Pakistan, and today with graceful departure of our beloved sheikh and that beacon of Tawheed (monotheism) May Allah have mercy upon him, Al-Qaeda under the leadership of Sheikh Ayman Al-dhawahiri may Allah protect him, continuously highlights the plight of the Ummah and continuously supports them with every means at their disposal.

In a recent release Sheikh Ayman brought the drought in Somalia to the attention of the Muslim Ummah and encouraged to support their brothers in Somalia, and insha’allah (Allah willing) with this message some of what your brothers in Al-Qaeda have been able to gather will be distributed to our brothers and sisters, to our families in the land of the two migrations.

We would also like to take the opportunity to encourage Muslims all around the world, to come to the assistant of their brothers and sisters in Somalia, and it is obligatory on every Muslim to assist their needy brother and sisters, the prophet (Pbuh) said: “the believers in their mutual mercy, love and compassion are like a single body, if one part of it feels pain, the rest of the body join it, in staying awake and feeling the fever.

In addition to that, we would like to praise the continuing effort of harakat- Al-shabaab – al mujahideen, who while operating under extremely difficult circumstances, have made it their priority in helping their brothers and sisters …[inaudible] , and have risen above the lies and deceit distributed by the hypocritical western media.

Finally, we ask Allah to accept it from them and allow them to continue in their honourable efforts, and give them complete victory over the disbelieving forces.

Finally to our beloved brothers and sisters in Somalia, we are following you situation on a daily basis, and though a separated by thousands of kilometres, you are consistently in our thoughts and prayers, and regardless of the differences of language, color, lineage and culture, it is the pure creed of tawheed (monotheism) and that unbreakable bond of faith that unites us all.

We encourage you all to turn in repentance to Allah, increase your effort and put your trust in Allah, and by the permission of Allah you will emerge triumphant from these temporary hardships, despite the wishes of the disbelieving west to keep you in perpetual cycle of dependence.

Allah says in Surat (verse) Nuh “”I said (to them): Ask forgiveness from your lord, verily he is oft forgiving, he will send you rain in abundance and he will increase in wealth and children, and will bestow on you gardens and bestow on you rivers” (Quran 71:10 – 71:11).

We ask Allah to bestow upon you and your land abundant rain, put blessings in your businesses, farms and live stock, and all praises due to Allah the Lord of the worlds, and may peace and blessing be upon our noble prophet.

Tandheem Qa’idat Al-jihad (Al-Qaeda Jihad Organisation)

Dhul-Qi’dah 1432

Shaykh ‘Alī Moḥamūd Raage:

“May Allah recompense you with the highest reward, we ask the Somali Muslim nation to warmly welcome their brethren. One can see the disbelievers are committing aggression against us, they’ve destroyed our homes, our land, killed our children, starved us, but our brothers are rushing to assist us, they’ve came to us from the farthest places in the world, so we say to them May Allah recompense you with great rewards.

The truth (of the matter) is, what brought them here is (the shared) monotheistic religious conviction, and as the brother pointed out (earlier), what we share the (Islamic testament of faith “there is no deity worthy of worship save Allah and Mohammed is the messenger of Allah”, without considering (other factor such as) language, colour, country, the only consideration as we mentioned earlier is “verily the believers are but one brotherhood”(Quran), and on those grounds did our brothers came to our aid and we say to them, “May Allah recompense you with the highest reward” , and we ask to redouble their efforts in all aspects, including repelling the invading disbelievers, and we ask Allah the glorified and exalted to accept those who die (from amongst them) as martyrs and protect those alive from the (evil) plans of the infidels.

To conclude this we now begin with the distribution.”

________

Sources: http://somaliwarmonitor.wordpress.com/2011/10/14/al-qaeda-in-somalia-donates-food-aid-in-al-shabaab-run-idp-camp/

http://www.ansar1.info/showthread.php?p=130911#post130911

Ever since the first issue of Inspire magazine, al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula’s English-language publication, released in late June 2010, Samir Khan became a household name in the counterterrorism community. His work in the jihadi community, though, started a decade earlier in the streets of New York City.

Khan, who was reportedly killed in an airstrike in Yemen on Friday, Sept. 30, alongside his mentor, Anwar al-Awlaki, was not a religious authority. But he helped create the media architecture of the American online jihadi community, an Internet incubator for radicalization.

Read the rest here.

I recently had an article published in the German publication Internationale Politik  for their September/October issue. The piece was titled “Debating the Global Jihad in Cyberspace.” I figured since it was published in German I would post the English version here. It should be noted, though, that parts of the article were edited in German following my final version of it written in English so there are some differences between the two copies. Also, this final English draft was completed August 8 so some of my own analysis of potential debates regarding 9/11 were future prognostications rather than content based on knowledge from the past week since 9/11. Additionally, for those wondering why I didn’t have anything about the debates on HAMAS and Hizbullah, I felt that they had already been treated fairly well in the literature and decided to leave them out of the piece due to the word limit.

Since 9/11 and increasingly over the past several years, online jihad has become just as important to the global jihadi movement at the grassroots level as its military operations. There have been vigorous debates in the past decade amongst jihadis in forums and via official communiqués released online from popular ideologues as well as leaders.  However, there have been instances where such debate was purposely shut down by administrators at forums to keep a sense of ideological cohesion. As a result, because of a lack of mainstream coverage the global jihadi movement is viewed in monolithic terms even though there are indeed cleavages that arise every so often, although they do not create big enough rifts to endanger the movement.

It would not be surprising to see global jihadis writing ten-year retrospectives on the 9/11 attacks that turn into vile debates. This could certainly be a replay of global jihadi debates that immediately followed the 9/11 attacks about whether it made sense strategically to attack the United States versus focusing on the so-called near enemy. In light of the recent Arab uprisings and the potential opportunity to gain power, one might very well see the debates over the far and near enemy to re-emerge. Although there has been a so-called hybriditization of these strategic outlooks, as Thomas Hegghammer has argued, one could see a decoupling, with a return to the local battle since, in the current context, it may bear more fruit.

In a related fashion, the most recent of these debates has dealt with how global jihadis in Arab countries should react and/or participate in the continuing uprisings against unpopular regimes. Many online jihadi ideologues have been cautious because the peaceful demonstrations are a rebuke of the global jihadis’ strategy of using violence as the most effective way of bringing about change in those societies. For instance, in late July 2011, a joint statement was released by top-tier global jihadi forums (al-Fida al-Islam, Shmukh al-Islam, and Ansar al-Mujahidin) and online jihadi media apparatuses, calling for its followers on the ground in Syria not to carry out military operations.  Moreover, many global jihadi activists on the ground have been curious about the legitimacy of joining the protest movements going back to January 2011, when the Arab uprisings were in their genesis. For example, Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad’s Shari’ah Council regularly fields questions and publishes fatwa’s (legal rulings) in response. Questions from activists on the ground ranged from the legitimacy of self-immolation alá the Tunisian Mohamed Bouazizi, who helped spark their revolution, or the efficacy of joining the street demonstrations in countries from Morocco to Egypt to Iraq to Saudi Arabia, and others. They also consider whether it is legitimate to join al-Nahdah, a Tunisian Islamist organization, or to participate in the Egyptian referendum and elections, or whether it is permissible to establish a political party. Another important question that has been raised is whether the demonstrations discredit the “mujahidin.” Also, many organizations, as well as other ideologues, caution the jihadis on the ground not to let deceitful protesters steal any progress in the jihad or establishing the shari’ah.

As far as participation goes, this debate echoes earlier debates, though in a different context – at the onset of the United States’ war in Iraq. ‘Abd al-Aziz al-Muqrin, the deceased former leader of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) – which at the time (2002-2006) was located in Saudi Arabia and a different entity than AQAP currently in Yemen – debated the legitimacy of having Saudi Arabians joining the jihad in Iraq. Muqrin believed that the jihad in Saudi Arabia and Iraq could be symbiotic, where they complemented and reinforced one another, instead of just focusing on one area of operation. This differed from the view of one of the key Saudi leaders in the Chechen theater (among others) who released an audio message online, arguing that fighting the Saudi royal family was a waste of time because it fed into the machinations of the United States; instead, he advocated that it was worthwhile to focus on the United States’ presence in Iraq. Following Muqrin’s death in 2004, much of the support for jihad in Saudi Arabia dissipated due to set backs and the success and notoriety Abu Mus’ab al-Zarqawi’s al-Qaeda in Iraq organization garnered by that time – in large part due to Zarqawi’s innovative and sophisticated online apparatus.

As with the above argument, many of the noteworthy debates that inspired discussion in the mid-2000s surrounded al-Qaeda in Iraq and its subsequent entity, the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). A year prior to al-Zarqawi’s death in 2005, one of his former mentors, Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi, who has been described as the most influential living global jihadi theorist and who runs the website Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad, launched an attack against al-Zarqawi because of his excessive use of takfir (the practice of one Muslim declaring another Muslim an unbeliever or an apostate) and violence, as well as his lack of knowledge of Islam (along with his followers). Following the death of al-Zarqawi (in 2006), his supporters online (who have been described as neo-Zarqawists), especially individuals at the Midad al-Suyuf Forum – through 2010 – described al-Maqdisi as a sellout to the Jordanian regime – and one who went soft on jihad. Though, based on research from Joas Wagemakers and Nelly Lahoud, two leading authorities in the field of jihadi studies, al-Maqdisi’s writings have been consistent over the years. Also, the attacks against al-Maqdisi did not tarnish his reputation and is still considered by most grassroots online global jihadi activists as a popular and legitimate voice.

Additionally, after the death of al-Zarqawi, al-Qaeda in Iraq decided to change its name to the ISI as a way of rebranding itself because many Iraqis were repulsed by its overuse of violence, as well as the perception that it was simply a group of foreigners. This is the reason they also announced Abu ‘Umar al-Baghdadi as their new leader to show it was a local movement – it has been disputed whether he was actually a real person. Though this became a cause célèbre for grassroot online global jihadi forum activists who started placing a banner at the top of the major forums stating how many days it had been since the announcement of the Islamic state, not everyone agreed with its decision. Popular and credible online shaykhs Hamid bin ‘Ali, a Kuwaiti cleric, and Abu Basir al-Tartusi, a Syrian cleric who is based in London, were the most vocal critics of creating an Islamic state. In January 2007, the ISI wrote a booklet “Informing the People About the Birth of the Islamic State of Iraq,” defending the state. ‘Ali and al-Tartusi, both in April 2007, wrote statements on their websites questioning the theological, strategic, and practical reasons for establishing the state. Further, the Islamic Army of Iraq (IAI), one of the other insurgent groups aligned with al-Qaeda prior to the declaration of the state, in late 2006 criticized this project and rebuked the ISI in an online statement in April 2007, which led major global jihadi forums, such as al-Boraq and al-Mohajeroon, to discontinue publishing the IAI’s media releases. The online fight got so intense that the al-Boraq Forum ended up splitting into two different forums each supporting its respective group.

This topic was later revisited and dodged by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who at the time was the deputy of al-Qaeda Central (AQC) and who is now the current emir. In December 2007 al-Zawahiri invited grassroot online global jihadi activists at the al-Ekhlass and al-Hesbah forums to ask him questions via the forums to which he would respond. Many of the forum activists were concerned by questions over the legitimacy of declaring an Islamic state in light of ‘Ali and al-Tartusi’s criticisms as well as the excessive violence in Iraq. A study by West Point’s Combatting Terrorism Center, which analyzed all 1,888 questions, concluded that al-Zawahiri did not substantively answer any of these specific concerns. Though the ISI is still an entity, its project has been a failure since many local Iraqis were uninterested in following strict Islamic law and believed that the ISI was sowing fitna (discord), which led many local tribes and individuals to side with the United States, effectively downgrading the ISI to a nuisance versus an existential problem.

Another war of words that played out over the Internet dealt with a split in the self-styled Caucasus Emirate, which is largely fighting an insurgency against Russia, but sympathizes with al-Qaeda’s global jihadi worldview. The Caucasus Emirate’s ideological fissuring, though far from unprecedented, played out in the near-total transparency of the Caucasus Emirate website the Kavkaz Center. Dokku Umarov first proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate in 2007, but in late July 2010 his leadership came into question. Umarov announced in a video that Aslambek Vadalov, the commander of the Eastern Front of the Armed Forces of the Caucasus Emirate, would succeed him immediately. Umarov said he strongly believed in the importance of clear lines of succession should he suddenly die. He urged his followers to pledge bay’at (a formal declaration of allegiance) to Vadalov. A week later, though, Umarov followed up his earlier message with a stunning announcement: he was recanting his resignation, the announcement of which he claimed had been “fabricated.” In a separate message released online that same week, Vadalov announced that he was stepping down from the position of deputy Emir. This feud went back and forth online through October 2010, when Umarov and the new opposition leveled charges against one another and they each attempted to shore up their positions. Umarov felt betrayed after conceding some of his failures in a high-level commanders meeting and offering to step down, but when the video that announced Vadalov as his successor contained an added statement from Vadalov, alongside two other senior leaders: Khusayn Gakayev and an Arab, known only as Mukhannad, who was reportedly al-Qaeda’s liason in the North Caucasus and died in April 2011. In early October, two videos that had been originally recorded in August surfaced, detailing a growing rift between those loyal to Umarov and a breakaway contingent that had joined with Vadalov. In the first video, Vadalov, Gakayev, and a commander named Tarkhan Gaziyev rescinded their bay’at to Umarov. They said their main grievance was that Umarov had suspended the Majlis al-Shura, the Emirate’s consultative council, and had formed the Caucasus Emirate without first consulting with other senior leaders. They declared that Gakayev was now the Emir of Chechnya and that they no longer recognized Umarov, asserting that the fighters in Chechnya supported their decision. In a second video, the three men reiterated their loyalty to Gakayev, this time alongside other commanders, suggesting that Gakayev’s faction wanted to refocus the Caucasus Emirate on Chechen nationalist concerns rather than Umarov’s pan-Caucasus global jihadi vision. Umarov responded not long after with a published decree eliminating the South-Western and Eastern Fronts, ordering all commanders to renew their bay’atto him, demanding Gakayev to hand over the money and supplies he’d been given, and giving Mukhannad one month to report to the emir’s “court” over charges he had fomented fitnah. Umarov also released a video denouncing all who rescinded their bay’at, saying they had lost their will for jihad. Complicating matters, online jihadi shayks al-Tartusi and al-Maqdisi issued fatwas stating that Umarov was the true Emir. The whole fight that reverberated over the Internet was for naught, though. After not hearing about the feud since October 2010, in late July 2011 the Kavkaz Center announced that the two groups had reconciled their differences through a Shari’ah court and Vadalov and Gakayev, as well as other commanders that previously rescinded their bay’at, renewed it.

In many cases, these debates resolve themselves either through reconciliation, such as in the case of the Caucasus Emirate, or there is an evolution in thought whereby a particular position wins out and is accepted. Therefore, although there are many vigorous debates in the global jihadi community that take place online, in the long run one view prevails with the grassroots activists, while the other position is discredited and fizzles out.

Zehn Jahre sind seit den Anschlägen auf das World Trade Center in New York und das Pentagon in Washington vergangen. In diesem Jahrzehnt hat der globale Cyber-Dschihadismus unter Aktivisten mindestens die Bedeutung erlangt, die militärische Aktionen haben. Entgegen der landläufigen Meinung aber verhält man sich in den Foren „Cyber-Dschihadistans“ keineswegs stromlinienförmig. Die Diskussionen unter Aktivisten selbst oder über wichtige Botschaften geistlicher und politischer Autoritäten verliefen im Gegenteil zuweilen so harsch, dass die Foren vorübergehend geschlossen wurden. Man wollte nicht den Eindruck aufkommen lassen, der ideologische Zusammenhalt der Cyber-Dschihadisten stünde auf dem Spiel. Für eine ernsthafte Fragmentierung der Bewegung aber sind die Differenzen nicht groß genug, zumal sich nach einer Weile meist wieder eine generelle Linie herausbildet.

Es wäre nicht weiter verwunderlich, wenn zehn Jahre nach 9/11 wieder so heftige Diskussionen geführt würden wie unmittelbar nach den Attentaten. Damals stritten sich die Dschihadisten, ob es strategisch richtig war, die USA anzugreifen – oder ob man sich nicht lieber auf den unmittelbaren Feind hätte konzentrieren sollen: auf „abtrünnige“, nichtislamistische Regierungen im Nahen Osten. Mit dem arabischen Frühling stellt sich in den Online-Foren wieder die Frage, ob man den Kampf jetzt hauptsächlich auf das unmittelbare Umfeld lenken und globale Aktivitäten zurückstellen solle. Immerhin ergäbe sich ja jetzt auch die Möglichkeit, an die Macht zu kommen. Derzeit geht die Tendenz dahin, sich auf die nahöstliche Region zu konzentrieren, da dies mehr Erfolg verspreche.

Dabei hatten sich die Cyber-Dschihadisten zu Beginn der Aufstände noch zurückhaltend gezeigt. Die friedlichen Proteste auf den Straßen Tunesiens und Ägyptens waren schließlich eine klare Absage an die grundsätzliche Überzeugung der Cyber-Dschihadisten, dass nur mit Gewalt Änderungen zu erreichen wären. Als aber die Demonstrationen in Kairo an Schwung gewannen, Ägyptens Hosni Mubarak gestürzt und in Libyen eine Revolte ausgebrochen war, kam auch Bewegung in die Online-Foren.
Auf allen wichtigen Plattformen wurde im Januar dieses Jahres immer wieder von „lokalen Kräften“ nachgefragt, ob es legitim sei, sich den Aufständischen oder den Protesten in Marokko, Jordanien oder anderen Ländern anzuschließen; ob man dem Beispiel der Selbstanzündung des Tunesiers Mohammed Bouazizi folgen dürfte, die ja die Revolutionen erst ins Rollen gebracht hatte; ob man sich al-Nahdah, einer tunesischen islamistischen Organisation, anschließen dürfe, am Referendum zur Verfassung und an den Wahlen in Ägypten teilnehmen oder eine politische Partei gründen solle.

Zu diesen Fragen veröffentlicht der unter Cyber-Dschihadisten renommierte „Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad Scharia-Rat“ regelmäßig religiöse Urteile. In manchen Foren aber wird auch die Frage gestellt, ob die Demonstrationen in der arabischen Welt nicht sogar die „Mudschaheddin“, die Kämpfer für einen Gottesstaat, diskreditierten. Das palästinensische Forum „Mas’adt al-Mudschaheddin“ und einige andere nehmen dazu ganz eindeutig Stellung. Unter keinen Umständen dürften Dschihadisten dulden, dass die „trügerischen Demonstranten“ ihnen den Erfolg oder die Einführung der Scharia „wegnähmen“. Auch warnen geistliche Autoritäten davor, den „abtrünnigen Regimen“ einen Vorwand zu geben, gegen die Dschihadisten vorzugehen. So wurde Ende Juli dieses Jahres eine gemeinsame Erklärung der weltweit wichtigsten Dschihad-Foren (Al-Fida al-Islam, Smukh al-Islam und Ansar al-Mukahihin) veröffentlicht, in der dazu aufgerufen wurde, von jeglichen „militärischen Aktionen“ in Syrien abzusehen.

Lokal oder global – das war der Kern der zwei wichtigsten Debatten in Cyber-Dschihadistan während der vergangenen Dekade. Knapp zwei Jahre nach 9/11 entzündete sie sich erneut am Einmarsch der USA im Irak. Abdelasis al-Muktin, damals Anführer der Al-Kaida Saudi-Arabiens, warf 2003 die Frage auf, ob auch saudische Aktivisten einen „heiligen Krieg“ wie im Irak führen sollten. Da ein Dschihad im Irak und in Saudi-Arabien sich gegenseitig verstärken könnten, dürfe man sich nicht auf ein „Einsatzgebiet“ beschränken. Damit erntete er sofort den Widerspruch anderer wichtiger Ideologen, die darauf bestanden, dass man keine Mühe auf die Bekämpfung des saudischen Königshauses verschwenden solle. Dies spiele ja nur den USA in die Hände. Sehr viel wichtiger sei es, alle Kraft auf den Kampf gegen die Amerikaner im Irak selbst zu verwenden.

Nach Muktins Tod 2004 verlor das Thema „Dschihad in Saudi-Arabien“ an Aktualität – nicht zuletzt, weil Al-Kaida Irak unter Führung des Jordaniers Abu Musab al-Zarkawi bei den globalen Online-Dschihadisten alle Unterstützung genoss – und das auch wegen ihrer äußerst professionellen Onlinepräsenz. Ein Jahr vor seinem Tod im Juni 2006 musste al-Zarkawi allerdings heftige Kritik einstecken – ausgerechnet von seinem ehemaligen Mentor. Abu Muhammad al-Makdisi, der mit der Website „Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad“ eines der wichtigsten Portale betreibt und als der einflussreichste Kopf Cyber-Dschihadistans gilt, warf al-Zarkawi und dessen irakischer Al-Kaida vor, Gewalt viel zu exzessiv anzuwenden. Auch deren Praxis, andere Muslime maßlos als „Takfir“, also als Abtrünnige und Ungläubige zu brandmarken und sie damit zu Feinden zu erklären, sei inakzeptabel. Zudem verfüge Zarkawi ebenso wie viele seiner Anhänger nur über lückenhafte Kenntnisse des Islam. Zwar wurde dann auch al-Makdisi von Anhängern Zarkawis als Büttel des jordanischen Regimes bezeichnet. Seinem Ruf aber hat das nicht geschadet. Er gilt bis heute als beliebte und angesehene Autorität unter Cyber-Dschihadisten.

Nach dem Tod Musab al-Zarkawis setzte sich der Streit auf anderer Ebene fort: Weil Al-Kaida Irak wegen ihrer zahllosen Attentate und der Tausenden zivilen Opfer unter den Irakern immer schärfer in die Kritik geraten war und weil man deren Aktivisten immer stärker als „Fremdlinge“ betrachtete, die sich ungebeten in irakische Angelegenheiten einmischten, entschlossen sie sich zu einem Namens- und Imagewechsel: Man bezeichnete sich nicht mehr als „Al-Kaida Irak“, sondern schloss sich mit anderen Dschihadisten zur „Dachorganisation“ des „Islamischen Staates Irak“ (ISI) zusammen, der in den einschlägigen Foren durch einen gewissen „Omar al-Bagdadi“ ausgerufen wurde. Die Zweifel, ob es sich bei „Al-Bagdadi“ nicht etwa um eine Erfindung handele, um eine Verbundenheit zum Irak zu simulieren, verstummten nie. Dennoch entspann sich eine heftige Debatte in Cyber-Dschihadistan über den Sinn des ISI. Der Streit zwischen verschiedenen Autoritäten verschärfte sich schließlich so sehr, dass es zu einer Spaltung der Plattform „Al-Borak“, einem der wesentlichen Foren der Cyber-Dschihadisten, in zwei gegensätzliche Lager kam.

Al-Kaidas jetziger Führer Aiman al-Zawahiri hielt diesen Streit offensichtlich für so wichtig, dass er ihn im Dezember 2007 – damals noch als Stellvertreter Osama Bin Ladens – wieder aufgriff. In den Foren „Al-Ekhlass“ und „Al-Hesbah“ lud er ein, ihm Fragen zur Legitimation des ISI zu stellen. Doch eine erschöpfende Antwort auf die fast 2000 Fragen, die Cyber-Dschihadisten posteten – und die auch in einer Studie des West Point Combatting Terrorism Center analysiert wurden – gab er nicht.

Nach Jahren der Debatte lässt sich auch klar feststellen, dass der im Grunde nur noch im virtuellen Raum existente „Islamische Staat Irak“ gescheitert ist. Selbst viele Online-Dschihadisten bezweifelten dessen Legitimität. Der ISI, so die Auffassung vieler, führe nur zu einer „Fitna“, zu Uneinigkeit und Zwist in der Gemeinschaft der Rechtgläubigen. Vom virtuellen Raum der Foren-Debatten abgesehen hatten viele Iraker kein Interesse daran, die strengen Gesetzesauslegungen, die der ISI propagierte, zu respektieren. Sie fühlten sich vom exzessiven Blutvergießen meist ausländischer Islamisten im Irak abgestoßen – was dazu führte, dass sich viele Clans eher den Amerikanern zuwandten, als sich von den Kämpfern gegen die Besatzungsmacht vereinnahmen zu lassen. ISI, der vor einigen Jahren noch eine existenzielle Gefahr war, kann man heute getrost in die weit weniger bedrohliche Kategorie „Ärgernis“ einordnen.

Um die Ausrufung eines islamistischen Staates drehte sich auch die zweite wichtige Debatte, die unter Cyber-Dschihadisten geführt, aber im Westen kaum wahrgenommen wurde: Ende Oktober 2007 erklärte sich Doku Umarow, „Präsident“ der Untergrundregierung der tschetschenischen Separatisten, zum Führer des so genannten Kaukasus-Emirats. Damit schien eine gewisse Symbiose des globalen und lokalen Dschihadismus erreicht: Umarow sieht sich zwar als einen der bedeutendsten Kämpfer gegen Russland, steht aber auch der globalen Dschihad-Strategie der Al-Kaida nahe.

Ende 2010 aber entbrannte ein in den Foren offen geführter und bizarrer Streit um den von Umarow selbst ernannten „Stellvertreter“ an der Spitze des Kaukasus-Emirats. Hatte Umarow erst per Videobotschaft dazu aufgerufen, Aslambeck Vadalow einen Treueeid („Bay’at“) als seinem Stellvertreter zu schwören, so widerrief er dessen Ernennung nur eine Woche später – schließlich zeige Vadalow, der mittlerweile von einem arabischen Kommandeur in Tschetschenien namens Hussein Gakajew unterstützt wurde, kaum mehr Interesse an einem global geführten Dschihad und wolle sich ausschließlich auf den Kampf gegen Russland konzentrieren. Zwischen dem Lager der Umarow-Anhänger auf der einen und den Anhängern Vadalows und Gakajews auf der anderen Seite wogte der Streit in den Foren und mittels Videobotschaften über einen Monat hin und her. Die Angelegenheit erreichte noch größere Dimensionen, als sich zwei Großautoritäten in den Streit einschalteten: der bereits genannte Abu-Muhammad al-Makdisi und der in London lebende Syrer Abu Baschir al-Tartusi. Sie erließen eine Fatwa, in der Umarow zum wahren Emir erklärt wird. Inzwischen, so heißt es, hätten die beiden Gruppierungen ihre Differenzen vor einem Scharia-Gericht geklärt und die Konkurrenten hätten einander wieder den Treueeid geschworen.

Gab es auch einen Richtungsstreit, nachdem Osama Bin Laden am 1. Mai von einem US-Kommando getötet wurde? Nein. In den einschlägigen Foren waren ganz ähnliche Reaktionen zu beobachten: Man veröffent-lichte Nachrufe auf eine „große Gestalt in der Geschichte des Islam“. Man schwor den USA und der pakistanischen „Verräter-Regierung“ Rache. Und man ist sich einig: Der globale Dschihad ist nicht zu Ende.

AARON Y. ZELIN arbeitet als Politikwissenschaftler an der Brandeis University, Massachusetts und betreibt die Website Jihadology.net.

In late July 2011, the Caucasus Emirate’s official media mouthpiece Kavkaz Center announced that the two rival factions within the emirate had reconciled their differences through a Shari’ah court. Aslambek Vadalov and Khusayn Gakayev, as well as other commanders who previously rescinded their bay’at to Doku Umarov, renewed their allegiance. This episode provides further evidence of the decline of Arab fighter influence in the Caucasus jihad, yet paradoxically shows the impact of popular Arab online jihadi shaykhs. It also solidifies Umarov’s pan-Caucasus project as the leading resistance to Russian aggression in contrast to the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria’s claims as the true representatives of the more nationalist-Islamist Chechen struggle.

BACKGROUND: Umarov, the emir of the Caucasus Emirate, first proclaimed the emirate in 2007, but his leadership came into question in late July 2010. Umarov announced in a video that Aslambek Vadalov, the commander of the Eastern Front of the Armed Forces of the Caucasus Emirate, would succeed him immediately. Umarov said he strongly believed in the importance of clear lines of succession should he suddenly die. He urged his followers to pledge bay‘at (a formal declaration of allegiance) to Vadalov. A week later, however, Umarov followed up his earlier message with a stunning announcement: he was recanting his resignation; the announcement of which he claimed had been “fabricated.”

In a separate message released online that same week, Vadalov announced that he was stepping down from the position of deputy Emir. This feud went back and forth online through October 2010, when Umarov and the new opposition leveled charges against one another, each attempting to shore up their positions. Umarov felt betrayed after conceding some of his failures in a high-level commanders meeting and offering to step down, but when the video that announced Vadalov as his successor contained an added statement from Vadalov, alongside two other senior leaders: Khusayn Gakayev and an Arab, known as Mukhannad (Khalid Yusuf Muhanned al-Emirati), who was reportedly al-Qaeda’s liaison in the North Caucasus and died in April 2011.

In early October, two videos that had been originally recorded in August surfaced, detailing a growing rift between those loyal to Umarov and a breakaway contingent that had joined with Vadalov. In the first video, Vadalov, Gakayev, and a commander named Tarkhan Gaziyev rescinded their bay‘at to Umarov. They said their main grievance was that Umarov had suspended the Majlis al-Shura, the Emirate’s consultative council, and had formed the Caucasus Emirate without first consulting with other senior leaders. They declared that Gakayev was now the Emir of Chechnya and that they no longer recognized Umarov, asserting that the fighters in Chechnya supported their decision. In a second video, the three men reiterated their loyalty to Gakayev, this time alongside other commanders, suggesting that Gakayev’s faction wanted to refocus the Caucasus Emirate on Chechen nationalist concerns rather than Umarov’s pan-Caucasus global jihadi vision.

Umarov responded not long after with a published decree eliminating the South-Western and Eastern Fronts, ordering all commanders to renew their bay‘at to him, demanding Gakayev to hand over the money and supplies he’d been given, and giving Mukhannad one month to report to the emir’s “court” over charges he had fomented fitnah (discord). Umarov also released a video denouncing all who rescinded their bay‘at, saying they had lost their will for jihad. Complicating matters, online jihadi shaykhs Abu Basir al-Tartusi and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi issued fatwas stating that Umarov was the true emir.

IMPLICATIONS: It is believed that the death of Mukhannad paved the way for the two factions to come together and reconcile their issues. If this is indeed the case, although the Caucasus Emirate believes in the global jihadi pan-Islamic ideology, they may not have as strong links to al-Qaeda as some commentators believe. The death of Mukhannad provides further proof of the decline in not only Arab participation, but also influence amongst the fighters in the Caucasus. Indeed, part of the decline in Arabs joining the Caucasus jihad is due in part to the more popular destinations of jihad in Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen, and Somalia. This further confirms Cerwyn Moore and Paul Tumelty’s past research on the waning level of Arabs fighting in the Caucasus.

Although the level of influence from Arab fighters in the Caucasus has waned, the connection to the overall global jihadi community has become further cemented. When ruling on the schism, the leading shari’ah official in the Caucasus Emirate, Ali Abu Muhammed al-Dagestani, stated that the opposition faction’s disobedience to Umarov was contrary to Islamic law. This echoes the fatwa released by al-Maqdisi, who is considered the most influential living jihadi theorist, in September 2010. Al-Maqdisi has had a keen interest through his Minbar al-Tawhid wa-l-Jihad (The Pulpit of Monotheism and Jihad) project in “purifying” the jihad from so-called negative influences and, as a result, has focused on providing advice to the Caucasus Emirate since he believes it provides a good example of how jihad should be waged “cleanly.” Therefore, although the Caucasus Emirate’s connections to al-Qaeda may be scant, al-Maqdisi’s advice and blessings upon Umarov’s leadership, and the way his movement conducts jihad, provides his group with legitimacy from a highly regarded religious scholar, placing the Caucasus Emirate as an important front in the global jihad against tawaghit (tyrants).

Further, the apparent reconciliation between the various factions would be a major blow to the Chechen Republic Ichkeria (ChRI), the predecessor to the Caucasus Emirate, which has focused more on Chechnya as a nationalist-Islamist oriented secessionist movement. Twice following the outbreak of the fissures within the Caucasus Emirate – first in October 2010 and most recently in June 2011 – Akhmad Zakayev, the leader of the ChRI in exile following Umarov’s creation of the Caucasus Emirate, announced and later reaffirmed he was resigning as President, dismantling his cabinet and supporting Gakayev as the new leader. The reconciliation between Gakayev’s faction and the Caucasus Emirate, therefore, is not only a repudiation of Zakayev, but also eliminates any possibility that the conflict with Russia will once again be centered on Chechen nationalist and secessionist ideas versus Umarov’s pan-Caucasus Islamic identity. Following the announced détente between the two Caucasus Emirate rivals, Zakayev’s ChRI released a statement in July 2011 condemning them, arguing that they were fomenting fitnah, which strengthens Russian hands in their conflict.

CONCLUSIONS: The reconciliation between Umarov’s Caucasus Emirate and Gakayev’s faction ends a years-long dispute that pitted influential leaders that have played crucial roles in the insurgency against the Russians the past few years. This development sidelines Zakayev and his ChRI leadership in exile. It also further diminishes Arab fighter influence over the Caucasus Emirate, yet boosts the importance of Arab shaykhs from the outside. Most significant, though, is that the Caucasus Emirate can now refocus its conflict with Russia instead of internecine fighting, and expand its sphere of influence in other former Muslim lands that they perceive to be occupied, such as the Volga-Ural region, which the Caucasus Emirate has attempted to reach out to recently in its propaganda. The resolution between the two parties also points to the victory of the global jihadi vision over more nationalist-Islamist claims in the long-running and protracted war with Russia.

AUTHOR’S BIO: Aaron Y. Zelin is a researcher in the Department of Politics at Brandeis University and maintains the website Jihadology.net, a clearinghouse for jihadi primary source material.